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| Site Map of Turkey |
One of the necessary conditions to ensure the survival of people sheltering their lives. To do this, people first natural shelters (cave-like), then they used the built structures. Geographical distribution of settlements, settlement patterns, functions and its relationship with environmental factors in the branch of science that studies the geography of settlement is called.
Settlement Area and the limiting factors for Space Settlement
Settlement is not suitable for the entire Earth. Due to favorable conditions in some places, while in some places densely settled settlement limits of various factors. These factors are the main ones.
Physical Factors
a) The Seas: portions of lands close to sea due to the marine climate has favorable conditions for settlement. However, a large portion of the earth (71%) covering the seas limit settling.
b) Polar Regions: the temperature is below 0 ° C throughout the year, the ground is covered with snow and ice and agricultural production facilities or rare places where there is no settlement poles. (Antarctica, Greenland, northern Siberia, northern Canada, etc.).
c) The Deserts: cobwebs around the inner parts of the terrestrial deserts, hot deserts of Asia and the settlement is sparse places. Called oasis settlements in areas around here more collected. Rainfall is less than the deserts of agricultural activities, livestock grazing lands, making regurgitation is prevented.
d) Forests: equatorial forests and monsoon forests, lush forests, such as limiting the areas where the settlement.
e) Altitude: The elevations are more places to settle due to the low temperature limit.
f) Inefficient land: Swamps, and saline soils for agriculture, settlement limits prevented.
2. Human and Economic Factors
Agriculture, industry, transport, tourism, mining influence on factors such as settlement areas. This activity is more than in cases where nüfuslanma.
History of the settlement in Turkey
Our country was founded settlements in areas where soils are among the first in the world. According to various caves in Anatolia from the ruins were used as a residential area of about 400,000 years. The first settlements of people who live by hunting and gathering rock shelters (caves) begin their use as a shelter.
The emergence of the first village-type settlements in our country is based on approximately 10,000 years ago. These settlements are primarily Pilgrims (Burdur), Suber (Suğla Lake relatives), Fork-mounds (Konya-Çumra), llıpınar (environs of Lake Iznik), Hasan (Karaman) and Çayönü'dür (Diyarbakır).
In our country, the climate, water resources and soil properties due to the favorable settlement land of Anatolia has been the cradle establishment of various cultures and civilizations.
Types of Settlement in Turkey
And other developments over time, depending on the amount of the settlement units, increasing population has grown, developed and spread.
This is the amount of population in the settlements, functions, lifestyles, and cultural levels of the administrative status is different. Based on these different features can be grouped in the form of settlements in rural and urban settlements in the country.
Rural Settlements
Subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry in general population of people who settle in rural areas provided less than the amount of the settlements.
In our country, rural settlements of the village and sub-village settlements, including settlements are divided into two groups.
Rural Settlements
Turkey is the smallest unit of administrative division system of village settlements. The economic structure of the village is based on agriculture and animal husbandry permanent rural settlements. At the place of establishment villages, usually river tribes, mountain slopes, valleys, among which are found in the plains and the sea coast. When we examine the economic advice according to their functions, are usually established in the fertile agricultural areas near the villages of the people engaged in farming and animal husbandry in the forefront of the high mountainous areas, forest established in the villages near the forest products people are trying to work on. Again, the sea and lakeside villages engaged in fishing and in some villages the people are working in the mines.
In our country, villages and scattered settlements in the settlement in the form of mass divided into two groups according to the tissues. This situation forms on the earth, factors such as water supply and agricultural areas are effective.
Were collected at a center-type houses close to each other as a collective settlement. The villages in the plains and plateaus are usually in the form of collective settlement. Settlements of this kind of inner Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia, Marmara and Aegean regions are common.
Type of settlement is home to a number of scattered houses in the form of single or scattered over the land. The terrain is rough, scattered settlements, where agricultural land is common in small and fragmented. Such settlements are mostly the Black Sea Region.
Six Rural Settlements
The village is small, that is connected to the village as the administrative and economic sub-village settlements for various reasons some people have created villages, settlements separated into smaller units. The emergence of this kind of settlements, crowded families break the desire to live independently, disagreements between families, farm lands and distant from each other to be inadequate pasture and shelter for animals and factors such as supply has been effective. Mostly used as a temporary sub-village settlements in the spring and summer, some of the time, they can transform into continuous settlements.
The main sub-village settlements are as follows:
District
If you have more than one continuous residence within the borders of the village, each of which is referred to as the neighborhood. Neighborhoods separated from one village to village, but due to non-administrative function residential areas. Western Black Sea, Mediterranean, Marmara and western Anatolia, are common.
Plateau
In our country, is the most common sub-village settlements. In our country, due to the passage generally dry herbs, dry summers, type the green pastures and water in herds where people take them to the cool highlands. Transhumance activity has begun to change in recent years in our country. The slopes of the North Anatolian Mountains, overlooking the sea, on the mountains of the Taurus Mountains and the Aegean opened to tourism in the highlands and tourism activities around common.
Divan
Established settlements of houses away from each other. These houses come together to create neighborhoods. Each sofa for a few houses and animals, poultry, barn and consists of holdings. This is common in the North Anatolian settlements in places.
Hamlet
Consisting of one or a few out of the house to the small settlement is a type of agriculture and animal husbandry. Common in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. Many hamlets established as a temporary settlement, but most of the developing permanent settlement evolved into today.
Com
Village to raise a house and a barn animals away from the settlement of established type. Settlements of this type are common in Eastern Anatolia.
Fold
Surrounded by fences and walls made for sheep and goats around the open-top type of settlement. Ovine stockbreeding Southeast, Central and Eastern Anatolia are common.
Nomad tent
More established by the people who live a nomadic life, and animals bred temporary residential areas. Mediterranean, Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia Region is common in places.
Farm
Rural and urban settlements established away from home with one or more of agricultural land in large residential areas. With some agricultural activities are livestock farms. Western Anatolia, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, Thrace and farms are common.
Roof
In general, small-scale animal husbandry in others the temporary settlements of sowing and planting. Aegean Region on the islands are common.
The materials used in the construction of housing in rural areas, closely related to the natural environment and climate. Arid climatic regions of the adobe houses, timber houses common in the rainy and forested areas.
In our country;
Stone dwellings of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Eastern Anatolia regions,
Wooden dwellings, the Black Sea, Aegean and Marmara regions,
Adobe dwellings, Central Anatolia, Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions are common.
Classification of Cities
Geographically, the cities and their populations are classified according to their functions.
1) Cities by population
Small compared to the number of people they host cities (population 10,000 to 25,000), medium (population between 25 000 and 100 000) and largest city (population over 100,000) are classified as.
2) By Functions Cities
According to the function classification of cities, economic, administrative, cultural, and military facilities are taken into account. Almost all the city's founding and development of one or a few of these functions are effective. Generally, a function that comes to the fore in the development of cities. In some cities, more than one function is effective. Istanbul, Izmir, Bursa, Adana, Ankara,.
Agriculture Cities
A significant proportion of small and medium-sized cities, cities in our country of a part of the livelihood of the people and livestock farming provides more. Set in the heart of agricultural land in these cities are part of the agro-based industries. Against the needs of small settlements in the surrounding cities is the center of this trade. The development of these cities to the width of the surrounding agricultural land, irrigation, fertilization, mechanization and transport facilities dependent. These cities, Rize, Erbaa, Niksar, Inegol, Aksehir, Turgutlu, Aksaray, Karaman, Nigde, Iğdır, Bayburt, Agri, Mus shown as an example.
Trade and Port Cities
Trade is one of the important functions that are effective in the growth of cities developed.
Domestic sectors hinterland road and rail connectivity with a wide range of trading goods bought and sold, and with the development of port cities sanayininde stored transformed into an important trade centers. Istanbul, Izmir and Mersin.
Industrial Cities
This is an important part of the livelihood of the people living in cities provides industrial companies. Istanbul, Izmit, Bursa, Karaikal, the Black Sea Eregli, Kırıkkale and Iskenderun are some of the most important industrial cities. With the development of the industry in these cities, trade, banking, transport, and other sectors developed. Climatic conditions in the development of the industry, transportation, proximity to sources of raw materials and energy supply be easy to have been effective.
Tourism Cities
Cities with a variety of natural beauty and historical riches, is the center of tourism. Antalya, Bodrum, Marmaris, Cesme, Urgup, Cappadocia and Istanbul is one of the centers. Depending on the development of tourism in these cities, trade, transport and communication services such as shows development. Also located in the busiest intersection points on the roads and in Eskisehir, Afyon, Konya, Ankara and the development of transport activities have been effective in cities such as Istanbul.
According to the Administrative Functions of the Cities
The development of some of the residential units have been effective in the city center and the capital to be significant. Various directorates have seen the state of affairs in a province governor's office and work of many people around here that can contribute to the development of the residential unit. For example, Hakkari, Kars, Bayburt, Ardahan like. In the past, which is the capital city of Bursa, Edirne, Konya and Istanbul being the capital, was an important influence in the development. However, being the capital of Ankara's growth and development plays an important role.
Military Cities
Sarıkamış, puddles, Erzurum, Kırkağaç economic life of cities, such as the presence of some of the major cities, military units bring life and vitality.
The main features of rural and urban settlements;
- Rural population settlements are less urban settlements.
- Some of the temporary settlements of rural settlements, cities, all permanent residential areas.
- Infrastructure and superstructure services developed by cities, rural settlements.
- Education and health services in cities further improved.
- Those living in rural areas, those living in cities often an important part of dealing with agriculture and animal husbandry industry and services industry.
- Common in urban multi-storey dwellings, residential areas and business areas, and more or less separated from each other.
- In rural areas due to the climate and the natural environment of wood, brick and stone dwellings, multi-storey reinforced concrete structures common in cities, while common.
