Geological Map of Turkey

Geological Map of Turkey

20 in the present sense of the geology in Turkey established early in the century until the present day have shown improvements. In 1915, the chair of geology in Istanbul Darülfünun Vefa'da a mansion called the German Walther Pene institute of geology and mineralogy directed the studies undertaken in teaching and research. At that time, Pence and his deputy, Hamid penetrating Pamir, the Bosphorus and the environment have made trips to Bursa and Uludag, geological publications have made. In 1935, on the one hand Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) in undertaking its activities, while teaching geology research universities and some high schools entered the path of progress. Many books were published by the MTA as well as the place for geological research journal on a regular basis, then the Geological Society of Turkey establishing newsletters have been published. Meanwhile, Turkey's 1.8 million-scale geological and tectonic maps of eight sheets were published (1946), then 1.5 million and an improved geological scale (18 layouts) have been mapped. During these developments, Istanbul University, Istanbul Technical University has been the study of the geology and major progress has been made.

In the composition of the Earth's crust and the earth: the earth's crust up to 99% stone, minerals and mines have occurred. Here are the main elements in the Earth's crust into the composition of the stones. Oxygen (46.71%), silicon (27.69%), aluminum (8:07%), iron (5.05%), calcium (3.65%), sodium (2.75%), potassium (2.58%) and magnesium (% 2.08).

Minerals, nature and the specific chemical composition of the bodies in the uniform. The majority of solid and anorganiktir. Rock salt (NaCl) and crystallized quartz (SiO2) like. Inorganic mercury is a liquid, or amorphous in nature or have various crystals (amorphous), but will be. Entering into the geology of the earth's crust is based on the main ingredient of stones, minerals or mineral assemblages or a single combination of a large number were born. For example, a variety of granite and andesite occurred in minerals, marble and quartzite have been formed in a single mineral.

The number of ten or fifteen thousand too much of the mineral composition of stones joined a large extent. These minerals, quartz, feldspar, mica, amfikol, pyroxene, olvin, garnet, carbonate (calcite) and salts (especially gypsum), respectively. Contributions to the structure of the earth's crust on the concepts of minerals in mines must be addressed. As mentioned earlier in mineral nature, the specific chemical composition, a homogeneous, some crystals, was formed as a part of the bodies in the amorphous. While in the mines, in the case of compounds called Scion bodies in the Earth's crust that they are different depths of the earth mineral ores are processed by melting has been made after the removal of the substance.

Branches of the science of geology: Geology, Earth's crust clause, because it examines chronologically date information, materials physics, chemistry, wisdom, wisdom resigned from fossils to understand the biology. According to the areas of geology is divided into many branches of science.

Geophysics: Geophysics, Earth's crust, oceans, atmosphere, and examines the physical structure of materials. Distribution of earthquake waves, geophysical shed light on issues.

Geochemistry: Geochemistry of elements of chemical structures determined by examining the place and time of availability to their works. Examines how changes in temperature and pressure as high. Temperature and pressure deep under the earth for miles and miles in laboratories can detect how this affects the substance.

Mineralogy: Crustal rocks, rocks are a mixture of many minerals has occurred. Examines the chemical structure of Mineralogy and crystal structures. The crystal structures of minerals in the light microscope and electron microscope forms and shapes by examining the nature of availability in the industry to obtain information on the procedures of production.

Petrology: the beginning of rock materials, conduct investigations on the date and time changes. Petrology occurred at the same time forms of minerals under high temperature and pressure change examines the physical and chemical properties.

Paleontology Paleontology, fossil remains of animals and plants lived geological periods (fossil) by finding the viewing of rocks is the branch of geology. Paleontology is located in the same fossils, the same geological layers of the shell determines the timing of the circuit come across epochs of geological geology taking tips will help you greatly.

Geomorphology: Geomorphology surface geology, land forms and the dates of their branch of joloji viewing. Paleomorfoloji which is a branch of geomorphology, the land surface is buried later geological periods, and examines the structure of the surface.

Geological changes: Geological changes in the outer shell of the world has changed a lot. Each of the changes took millions of years. Though it is known variations in the surface, the changes are within the Earth's crust. Substances that cause changes in the gas (atmospheric air), liquid (hydrosphere) or solid (lithosphere) may be. These three items together as the changes may result. With water and air, with water, rock, rock into contact with air.

It is very difficult to examine changes in the depths of the earth's crust. Although the earth is 6400 km from the center of the world, yet it is drilled to a depth of 8 km from the survey was conducted. 2200-2800 ° C is the temperature at depth. Pressure is 3.5 million times the atmospheric pressure is reached.

The internal structure of the Earth: magnetic and gravitational fields of the world, and the meteor rocks are examining the seismic investigations obtained information about the internal structure of the earth with hints can be obtained.

The thickness of the outer rocky portion of the Earth's crust is very thin, high mountains under 4 km under the oceans is about 50 km from the sea. Granite structure, while thick layers, thin layers of basalt structures are formed. 3000 km thick under the earth's crust gradually increasing the density has a solid substrate. In addition, the inside diameter 6900 km in case the core part has a mass of molten under high pressure.

Volcano eruption: Volcano eruption, the inner mass of molten (magma) go out and spread point in the Earth's crust. Magma from the Earth's crust on the "lava" is the name of the. The cooling of lavas and volcanic rocks occur. Occurrence of magma, the internal movements of rocks melt as a result of the energy released during the friction is considered. Also as a thought, together with the arrival of radioactive substances influence of the heat energy flux is assumed that the rocks.

The movement of the earth's crust: Tectonic movements are very slow in general. For example, the advent of the mountains in the earth's crust break and millions of years of geological Devin has been such a very long time. At the bottom of the ocean with the upward movement of the earth's crust is pushed towards the land surface consists of a new continent. On the contrary, crouched down on the earth's crust was under water.

During the movement of the earth's crust changes the shape of the rocks remain under great tension. Sudden changes in stresses are constantly under pressure to break rocks that are thought to be a reason for an earthquake of this event. Alp Mountains, Apalanş Mountains, the Sierra Nevada mountains, the earth's crust that occur at the end of the most beautiful examples of such movements.